DEFINE BUCKET statement

The DEFINE BUCKET statement lets you create a bucket that can hold files.

Statement syntax

DEFINE BUCKET [ OVERWRITE | IF NOT EXISTS ] @name [ @backend ]
[ PERMISSIONS ] @expression [ COMMENT @string ]

Example usage

A bucket backend can be set as "memory" for non-persistent in-memory storage, or as "file:/", followed by the path, for storage on disk.

Memory backend

The simplest way to experiment with a bucket for files is by using the memory backend:

DEFINE BUCKET my_bucket BACKEND "memory";

Once this is defined, my_bucket can be accessed by using a file pointer: a path prefixed by an f.

-- Create a file by adding some content
f"my_bucket:/my_book.txt".put("Once there were four children whose names were Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy.");
-- Copy it to a new file name
f"my_bucket:/my_book.txt".copy("lion_witch_wardrobe.txt");
-- Read the file as bytes
f"my_bucket:/lion_witch_wardrobe.txt".get();
-- Cast the bytes to a string
<string>f"my_bucket:/lion_witch_wardrobe.txt".get();

-------- Query --------

b"4F6E6365207468657265207765726520666F7572206368696C6472656E2077686F7365206E616D657320776572652050657465722C20537573616E2C2045646D756E642C20616E64204C7563792E"

-------- Query --------

'Once there were four children whose names were Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy.'

File backend

A file backend can be chosen for a bucket by typing "file:" and then the rest of the path, if necessary.

DEFINE BUCKET my_bucket BACKEND "file:/some_directory";
DEFINE BUCKET my_bucket BACKEND "file:/some_directory";

A check will then be made to see if the SURREAL_BUCKET_FOLDER_ALLOWLIST environment variable contains the path, without which the following error will be generated.

'File access denied: /some_directory'

The following command can be used to start running an instance in which a bucket with a file backend can be defined.

# Unix
SURREAL_BUCKET_FOLDER_ALLOWLIST="/" surreal start --user root --pass secret --allow-experimental files

# Windows (PowerShell)
$env:SURREAL_BUCKET_FOLDER_ALLOWLIST = "/" 
surreal start --user root --pass secret --allow-experimental files

Global backend

A global backend can also be selected, allowing all namespaces and databases access to the same file storage.

If no backend is selected, the database will search for the environment variable SURREAL_GLOBAL_BUCKET and assign this as the global bucket. In this case, files will have a namespace/database prefix added (e.g. my_global_bucket:/test_ns/test_db/somefile.txt). A second SURREAL_GLOBAL_BUCKET_ENFORCED environment variable can also be used, which when set to true will enforce usage of the global bucket.

If a global backend is set, then a DEFINE BUCKET statement can be as short as DEFINE BUCKET plus its local name, as the rest of the logic is done via environment variables.

DEFINE BUCKET my_bucket;

-- Writes to e.g. `my_global_bucket:/test_ns/test_db/my_bucket/my_book.txt`
f"my_bucket:/my_book.txt".put("Once there were four children whose names were Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy.");

Setting permissions on buckets

By default, the permissions on a bucket will be set to FULL unless otherwise specified.

DEFINE BUCKET my_bucket BACKEND "memory";
INFO FOR DB;

{
  accesses: {},
  analyzers: {},
  apis: {},
  buckets: {
    my_bucket: "DEFINE BUCKET my_bucket BACKEND 'memory' PERMISSIONS FULL"
  },
  configs: {},
  functions: {},
  models: {},
  modules: {},
  params: {},
  sequences: {},
  tables: {},
  users: {}
}

You can set permissions on buckets to control who can perform operations on the files stored in them using the PERMISSIONS clause. In the clause three additional variables are available:

• $action: The action to be executed (put, get, head, delete, copy, rename, exists, list)

• $file: The file pointer of the file to be accessed

• $target: The target file pointer in copy/rename operations

-- Set permissions for the bucket
DEFINE BUCKET admin_bucket BACKEND "memory"
  PERMISSIONS WHERE $auth.admin = true